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10月13日在匹兹堡举办的白宫前沿峰会上，专家表示人工智能不但不会导致人类垮台，而且会帮助人们更好地工作。人工智能不仅可以辅助医生诊断脓毒症，还可以帮助科学家跟踪野外濒危动物等。
著名天体物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金曾公开表示，完全开发的人工智能足以摧毁人类！在13日的白宫前沿峰会上，国家高级研究人员，企业家，创业者以及学生均有出席，科学家就人工智能(AI)如何促进科学研究发展和如何改善生活等方面进行了详细的说明。
芝加哥伊利诺伊大学计算机科学教授塔尼亚·贝吉尔·沃夫（Tanya Berger-Wolf）在此次大会上表示，许多动物保护领域的研究人员想知道地球上到底有多少只动物，想弄清楚他们住在哪里，但是由于受到在世界各地部署的定位项圈和卫星轨道的个数限制，目前科学家还没有能力做到这一点。
编者注：
伊利诺伊大学创建于1867年，是美国伊利诺伊州的一个大学系统，也是美国最具影响力的公立大学系统之一，在全世界享有盛誉。芝加哥分校是芝加哥地区最大的研究型大学，是美国一级国家级大学，在城市事务、医学和健康科学领域处于领先水平，拥有全美最大的医学院。
于是贝吉尔·沃夫和她的同事共同开发了Wildbook.org，这是一个拥有人工智能算法系统的网站。专家和公众可以在线上传照片，系统通过检查这些照片得到动物相关的信息。系统可以识别出每个动物的独特标记。通过每张照片提供的GPS坐标跟踪其栖息地范围，系统也可以估计出动物的年龄，辨别出动物的性别。
贝吉尔·沃夫说，通过2015年识别的海量照片，研究人员们确认了肯尼亚濒危物种细纹斑马数量减少的原因。因为狮子的捕杀，导致细纹斑马幼崽大量死亡。这项发现帮助当地政府官员及时改变了狮子管理计划。
“带有人工智能算法的动物图像识别技术，正在使动物保护大众化，现在可以使用照片来跟踪动物，并观测它们的数量”，贝吉尔·沃夫说。
脓毒症是一种并发症，由于血液抵御感染而释放的化学物质触发炎症，发现早是可以治愈的，但如果没有检测到病情发展，患者可能会因为器官衰竭而死亡。约翰霍普金斯大学怀廷工程学院助理教授苏奇·萨莉亚表示，现在AI算法可以扫描电子病历数据，这可以帮助医生提前24小时诊断脓毒症。
编者注：
约翰·霍普金斯大学简称Hopkins或JHU，成立于1876年，是一所世界顶级的著名私立大学，美国第一所研究型大学，也是北美顶尖大学学术联盟美国大学协会（AAU）的14所创始校之一。2016年英国《泰晤士报》高等教育增刊将其列为世界第11，美国第7。而怀廷工程学院起步于1913年，于1919年作为独立学院创建，至1937年时，已经培养了超过1,000名拥有工程学位的学生。1961年，工程学院更名为霍普金斯工程科学学院，并在1966年并入霍普金斯艺术与科学学院。直到1979年，工程学院再次形成独立的学术分支，更名为怀廷工程学院。
萨莉亚分享了一个52岁的女性脓毒症患者的故事，这个女人因为轻度感染引发的脚痛来到医院。在她住院期间，女人出现了脓毒症反应，最后因为器官衰竭死亡。如果医生使用目标实时预警系统（TREWScore），他们就可以提前24个小时诊断出她患有脓毒症，这样她可能就不会死了。同时萨莉亚还指出TREWScore也可用于监测其他状况，包括糖尿病和高血压，她说：“你的数据可能已经诊断出来你患上的疾病了，我们只需要找到数据解码的方法。
洪水、地震或其他灾害发生时，受灾者可能被困于任何地方。新的AI技术正在帮助应急救援人员第一时间找到它们。
最近，救援人员尝试使用空中镜头观察灾区情况，找到受害者。德州农工大学计算机科学工程教授罗宾·墨菲（Robin Murphy）说，从无人机拍摄的资料中筛选照片和视频是一项耗时的工作，如果不能及时处理完这些资料，很可能贻误救援时机，导致受灾者死亡。
墨菲说，AI支持计算机程序员编写基本算法，因此它可以检查镜头拍摄的大量影像，甚至它可以检测洪水泛滥地区的残骸堆，找到可能被掩埋的受灾者。
此外，墨菲还提到AI算法可以筛选Twitter等社交媒体网站信息，从而了解失踪人口和灾害情况。
通常来说找出计算机代码的缺陷并发现进攻者的操作过程非常困难。国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）信息创新办公室的项目经理迈克尔·沃克说：“攻击者可能花费了数月甚至数年的时间准备一次攻击，而防御方必须在几分钟内完全弄懂他们攻击的位置，并提出应对方法，这实在很难实现。”
人工智能似乎能做到这一点。DARPA于8月4日在拉斯维加斯，举办了第一次网络挑战赛，比赛最后的赢家是匹兹堡的初创公司ForAllSecure创建的Mayhem项目。
然而，第二名的团队Xandra发现了一个新的用二进制代码发起的攻击，并找到它是如何运作、如何在网络中传播、如何攻破目标防御系统的。系统检测到了攻击，于是快速打上补丁，终止了入侵，整个过程只花了15分钟。“在人发现缺陷之前，系统就修复了这个缺陷”，沃克说。
虽然这场攻击发生在一个小规模网络上，但是沃克表示，他相信未来AI可以修复bug，并可以在现实世界的网络中应对在线攻击。
研究人员在星期四宣布了一个具有里程碑意义的消息，他们发现瘫痪者的触摸感觉，可以通过植入大脑的控制芯片和机器手臂来恢复。
《科学实报》（Live Science）报道，2004年的一次汽车事故，导致男子南森·科普兰（Nathan Copeland）四肢瘫痪，他的腿和下臂失去了知觉。在此次白宫前沿会议上，匹兹堡大学医学院物理医学和康复系教授迈克尔·伯宁杰（Michael Boninger）博士，解释了如何利用创新技术手段让科普兰的手臂恢复知觉。
医生将两个微型电子芯片植入科普兰的大脑，一个在控制触摸的感觉皮层，另一个在控制运动的运动皮层。在一次试验中，科普兰能够用他的意念控制机器手臂。伯宁杰说，更令人兴奋的是，当研究人员触摸机器手臂时，科普兰说他能够感觉到触摸的感觉。
人工智能应用于恢复病人知觉方面，依然存在很多需要改进的地方，包括如何开发一个具有长寿命的电池，如何使受伤的人恢复百分之百的知觉，如何恢复运动系统。伯宁杰说： “这一切都需要AI和机器学习。”
5 Intriguing Uses for Artificial Intelligence (That Aren't Killer Robots)
Rather than leading to the violent downfall of humankind, artificial intelligence is helping people around the world do their jobs, including doctors who diagnose sepsis in patients and scientists who track endangered animals in the wild, experts said Thursday (Oct. 13) at the White House Frontiers Conference in Pittsburgh.
Advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) haven't always been met with enthusiasm. Famed astrophysicist Stephen Hawking warned on several occasions that a fully developed AI could destroy the human race, and Hollywood sci-fi movies are rife with fierce robots battling humans for control. But at yesterday's conference — attended by the country's leading researchers, innovators, entrepreneurs and students — scientists explained how newly developed AI is accelerating research and improving lives.
Here is a look at five AI inventions that are already redefining technology. [The 6 Strangest Robots Ever Created]
Many researchers want to know how many animals are out there and where they live, but "scientists do not have the capacity to do this, and there are not enough GPS collars or satellite tracks in the world," Tanya Berger-Wolf, a professor of computer science at the University of Illinois at Chicago, said at the conference, which was jointly hosted by the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University and was also streamed live online.
Instead, Berger-Wolf and her colleagues developed Wildbook.org, a site that houses an AI system and algorithms. The system inspects photos uploaded online by experts and the public. It can recognize each animal's unique markings, track its habitat range by using GPS coordinates provided by each photo, estimate the animal's age and reveal whether it is male or female, Berger-Wolf said.
After a massive 2015 photo campaign, Wildbook determined that lions were killing too many babies of the endangered Grévy's zebra in Kenya, prompting local officials to change the lion management program, she said.
"The ability to use images with photo identification is democratizing access to conservation in science," Berger-Wolf said. "We now can use photographs to track and count animals."
Sepsis is a complication that is treatable if caught early, but patients can experience organ failure, or even death, if it goes undetected for too long. Now, AI algorithms that scour data on electronic medical records can help doctors diagnose sepsis a full 24 hours earlier, on average, said Suchi Saria, an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering.
Saria shared a story about a 52-year-old woman who came to the hospital because of a mildly infected foot sore. During her stay, the woman developed sepsis — a condition in which a chemical released by the blood to fight infection triggers inflammation. This inflammation can lead to changes in the body, which can cause organ failure or even death, she said.
The woman died, Saria said. But if the doctors had used the AI system, called Targeted Real-Time Early Warning System (TREWScore), they could have diagnosed her 12 hours earlier, and perhaps saved her life, Saria said.
TREWScore also can be used to monitor other conditions, including diabetes and high blood pressure, she noted. "[Diagnoses] may already be in your data," Saria added. "We just need ways to decode them." [A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence]
Victims of floods, earthquakes or other disasters can be stranded anywhere, but new AI technology is helping first responders locate them before it's too late.
Until recently, rescuers would try to find victims by looking at aerial footage of a disaster area. But sifting through photos and video from drones is time-intensive, and it runs the risk of the victim dying before help arrives, said Robin Murphy, a professor of computer science and engineering at Texas A&M University.
AI permits computer programmers to write basic algorithms that can examine extensive footage and find missing people in less than 2 hours, Murphy said. The AI can even find piles of debris in flooded areas that may have trapped victims, she added.
In addition, AI algorithms can sift through social media sites, such as Twitter, to learn about missing people and disasters, Murphy said.
Finding flaws and attacks on computer code is a manual process, and it's typically a difficult one.
"Attackers can spend months or years developing [hacks]," said Michael Walker, a program manager with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) Information Innovation Office. "Defenders must comprehend that attack and counter it in just minutes."
But AI appears to be up to the challenge. DARPA held its first Cyber Grand Challenge on Aug. 4 in Las Vegas, a competition won by Mayhem, a program created by the Pittsburgh-based startup ForAllSecure.
Walker described how the second-place team Xandra "discovered a new attack in binary code, figured out how it worked, reached out over a network [and] breached the defenses of one of its opponents, a system named Jima. And Jima detected that breach, offered a patch, decided to field it and ended the breach."
The entire episode took 15 minutes. "It all happened before any human being knew that flaw existed," Walker said. The attack happened on a small network, but Walker said he was confident that AI could one day patch bugs and respond to attacks online in the real world.
Researcher Rob Gaunt prepares Nathan Copeland for brain computer interface sensory test.
Researcher Rob Gaunt prepares Nathan Copeland for brain computer interface sensory test.
Credit: UPMC/Pitt Health Sciences Media Relations
In a landmark event announced Thursday, researchers revealed that a paralyzed man's feelings of touch were restored with a mind-controlled robotic arm and brain chip implants. [Bionic Humans: Top 10 Technologies]
A 2004 car accident left the man, Nathan Copeland, with quadriplegia, meaning he couldn't feel or move his legs or lower arms, Live Science reported yesterday. At the Frontiers Conference, Dr. Michael Boninger, a professor in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, explained how innovations allowed Copeland to feel sensation in his hand again.
Doctors implanted two small electronic chips into Copeland's brain — one in the sensory cortex, which controls touch, and the other in the motor cortex, which controls movement. During one trial, Copeland was able to control the robotic arm with his thoughts. Even more exciting, Boninger said, was that the man reported feeling the sensation of touch when the researchers touched the robotic hand.
Many challenges remain, including developing a system that has a long battery life and enables full sensation and movement for injured people, he said. "All of this will require AI and machine learning," Boninger said.
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